JNK
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases consist of ten isoforms derived from three genes: JNK1 (four isoforms), JNK2 (four isoforms) and JNK3 (two isoforms). Each gene is expressed as either 46 kDa or 55 kDa protein kinases, depending upon how the 3' coding region of the corresponding mRNA is processed. There have been no functional differences documented between the 46 kDa and the 55 kDa isoform, however, a second form of alternative splicing occurs within transcripts of JNK1 and JNK2, yielding JNK1-α, JNK2-α and JNK1-β and JNK2-β. Differences in interactions with protein substrates arise because of the mutually exclusive utilization of two exons within the kinase domain.JNK, by phosphorylation, modifies the activity of numerous proteins that reside at the mitochondria or act in the nucleus. Downstream molecules that are activated by JNK include c-Jun, ATF2, ELK1, SMAD4, p53 and HSF1. The downstream molecules that are inhibited by JNK activation include NFAT4, NFATC1 and STAT3. By activating and inhibiting other small molecules in this way, JNK activity regulates several important cellular functions including cell growth, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. JNK1 is involved in apoptosis, neurodegeneration, cell differentiation and proliferation, inflammatory conditions and cytokine production mediated by AP-1 (activation protein 1) such as RANTES, IL-8 and GM-CSF.
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IQ 3是选择性 JNK3 抑制剂。
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JNK inhibitor IX 是一种高度选择性JNK抑制剂，其作用于JNK2和JNK3的pIC50分别为6.5和6.7。
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JNK-IN-8是第一个，不可逆的JNK抑制剂，作用于JNK1， JNK2和JNK3，IC50分别为4.7 nM， 18.7 nM和1 nM，比作用于MNK2， Fms选择性高10倍以上，对c-Kit， Met， PDGFRβ没有抑制作用。
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Anisomycin, a bacterial antibiotic, known as a peptidyl transferase inhibitor, induces apoptosis by activating several MAPKs and by inhibiting protein synthesis. Anisomycin是一种吡咯烷抗生素, 抑制蛋白质合成, 也是有效的SAPKs/JNKs激活剂。
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SP600125是一种广谱JNK抑制剂，作用于JNK1， JNK2和JNK3时，IC50分别为40 nM， 40 nM和90 nM，比作用于MKK4选择性高10倍，比作用于MKK3， MKK6， PKB，和PKCα选择性高25倍，比作用于ERK2， p38， Chk1， EGFR等选择性高100倍。
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