Sodium Channel
Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's plasma membrane. They are classified according to the trigger that opens the channel for such ions, i.e. either a voltage-change ("Voltage-gated", "voltage-sensitive", or "voltage-dependent" sodium channel also called "VGSCs" or "Nav channel") or a binding of a substance (a ligand) to the channel (ligand-gated sodium channels). In excitable cells such as neurons, myocytes, and certain types of glia, sodium channels are responsible for the rising phase of action potentials.
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Fluphenazine dihydrochloride is a phenothiazine-class D1DR and D2DR inhibitor; used to deliver Fluphenazine to biological systems in studies probing the effects and metabolic fates of this commonly used dopamine antagonist.
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Ethylparaben is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used as an antifungal preservative and food additive. It is a standardized chemical allergen. The physiologic effect of ethylparaben is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.
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Promethazine HCl is a potent histamine H1 receptor antagonist, used as a sedative and antiallergic medication.
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Procainamide HCl is a sodium channel blocker, and also a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
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